Internal medicine

Microbiome

Butyrate

Firmicutes

Inflammatory bowel disease

Disease

Cestoda

16S ribosomal RNA

Bacteria

Gut flora

Bioinformatics

Biology

Microbiology

Fermentation

Metabolome

Helminths

Immunology

Metabolite

Colitis

Short-chain fatty acid

Hymenolepis diminuta

Lachnospiraceae

Genetics

Biochemistry

Feces

Medicine

Background Studies on the inhibition of inflammation by infection with helminth parasites have, until recently, overlooked a key determinant of health: the gut microbiota. Infection with helminths evokes changes in the composition of their host’s microbiota: one outcome of which is an altered metabolome (e.g., levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) in the gut lumen. The functional implications of helminth-evoked changes in the enteric microbiome (composition and metabolites) are poorly understood and are explored with respect to controlling enteric inflammation. Methods Antibiotic-treated wild-type, germ-free (GF) and free fatty-acid receptor-2 ( ffar2 ) deficient mice were infected with the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta , then challenged with DNBS-colitis and disease severity and gut expression of the il-10 receptor-α and SCFA receptors/transporters assessed 3 days later. Gut bacteria composition was assessed by 16 s rRNA sequencing and SCFAs were measured. Other studies assessed the ability of feces or a bacteria-free fecal filtrate from H. diminuta -infected mice to inhibit colitis. Results Protection against disease by infection with H. diminuta was abrogated by antibiotic treatment and was not observed in GF-mice. Bacterial community profiling revealed an increase in variants belonging to the families Lachnospiraceae and Clostridium cluster XIVa in mice 8 days post-infection with H. diminuta , and the transfer of feces from these mice suppressed DNBS-colitis in GF-mice. Mice treated with a bacteria-free filtrate of feces from H. diminuta -infected mice were protected from DNBS-colitis. Metabolomic analysis revealed increased acetate and butyrate (both or which can reduce colitis) in feces from H. diminuta -infected mice, but not from antibiotic-treated H. diminuta -infected mice. H. diminuta -induced protection against DNBS-colitis was not observed in ffar2 −/− mice. Immunologically, anti-il-10 antibodies inhibited the anti-colitic effect of H. diminuta -infection. Analyses of epithelial cell lines, colonoids, and colon segments uncovered reciprocity between butyrate and il-10 in the induction of the il-10-receptor and butyrate transporters. Conclusion Having defined a feed-forward signaling loop between il-10 and butyrate following infection with H. diminuta , this study identifies the gut microbiome as a critical component of the anti-colitic effect of this helminth therapy. We suggest that any intention-to-treat with helminth therapy should be based on the characterization of the patient’s immunological and microbiological response to the helminth.

Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis