Redox behavior and surface morphology of polystyrene thermoplastic electrodes

Carbon composite electrodes consisting of graphite and a non-conductive binder are widely used due to their low cost and ease of fabrication but often suffer from slow electrode kinetics and high capacitance relative to traditional electrode materials such as gold and glassy carbon. Modifiers including metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes are used to enhance electrode performance, but this complicates electrode preparation, increases...