Real-time augmented reality application in presurgical planning and lesion scalp localization by a smartphone

A smartphone augmented reality (AR) application (app) was explored for clinical use in presurgical planning and lesion scalp localization.We programmed an AR App on a smartphone. The accuracy of the AR app was tested on a 3D-printed head model, using the Euclidean distance of displacement of virtual objects. For clinical validation, 14 patients with brain tumors were included in the study. Preoperative MRI images were used to generate 3D models...