Electrical engineering

Physics

Control engineering

Synchronizing

Topology (electrical circuits)

PID controller

Agronomy

Biology

Voltage regulator

Engineering

Open-loop controller

Voltage

Artificial intelligence

Power (physics)

Controller (irrigation)

Automatic frequency control

Control (management)

Automatic Generation Control

Computer science

Temperature control

Quantum mechanics

Electric power system

Closed loop

Control theory (sociology)

IETE Journal of Research

This article presents an amalgamated pattern of automatic load frequency control (ALFC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system in a three-area interconnected power system using the Fuzzy two-degree-of-freedom tilt-integral-derivative controller (F2DOFTID). The multi-area system includes single-stage reheat thermal plants and Solar Thermal Power Plant (STPP) in Area-1 and Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines (HDGT) in Area-2 and Area-3. An incipient attempt is made to incorporate the HDGT plant in amalgamated control of the power system. Relevant generation rate constraints (GRC) and Governor Dead Band (GDB) are rendered for thermal plants. In both ALFC and AVR systems of all areas, a first attempt is made to implement an F2DOFTID controller to alleviate the frequency and voltage deviations. In this investigation, an algorithm named Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO) is efficaciously used to accomplish optimal controller parameters. Concerning all time-domain behaviors, F2DOFTID controller performance is superior relative to the TID and 2DOFTID controller. The AVR effect proclaims a substantial improvement in system dynamics. In this amalgamated scenario, the aftermath of the high voltage direct current (HVDC) tie-line and the usage of energy storage devices such as ultra-capacitors (UC) are found superlative in the amelioration of system performance. Similarly, by modifying the generator parameters and synchronizing coefficients, the robustness of the proposed controller is measured, which signifies that obtained controller parameters during nominal conditions are resilient enough and not to be altered. Eventually, the system is also studied in OPAL-RT OP 4510 RT Lab hardware set-up for real-time analysis.

Maiden Application of Fuzzy-2DOFTID Controller in Unified Voltage-Frequency Control of Power System