Gene

Quantum mechanics

Uranium

Photochemistry

Metallurgy

Materials science

Chemical reaction

Hydrogen peroxide

Actinometer

Plasma

Biochemistry

Inorganic chemistry

Iodide

Uridine

Physics

Organic chemistry

Oxalate

Chemistry

Iodate

Uranyl nitrate

Photochemistry and Photobiology

Actinometers are physical or chemical systems that can be employed to determine photon fluxes. Chemical actinometers are photochemical systems with known quantum yields that can be employed to determine accurate photon fluxes for specific photochemical reactions. This review explores in detail several practical chemical actinometers (ferrioxalate, iodide-iodate, uranyl oxalate, nitrate, uridine, hydrogen peroxide and several actinometers for the vacuum ultraviolet). Each actinometer is described with recommended conditions for its use.

Practical Chemical Actinometry—A Review