Quantum mechanics

Process (computing)

Engineering

Environmental economics

Fuel cells

Operating system

Economics

Power (physics)

Computer science

Electricity generation

Chemical engineering

Energy transformation

Hydrogen economy

Hydrogen storage

Power to gas

Physical chemistry

Thermodynamics

Hydrogen

Hydrogen technologies

Physics

Organic chemistry

Renewable energy

Electric power system

Energy storage

Process engineering

Environmental science

Hydrogen fuel

Chemistry

Electrode

Electrification

Energy carrier

Hydrogen production

Electrolyte

Electricity

Electrolysis

Electrical engineering

The global energy transition towards a carbon neutral society requires a profound transformation of electricity generation and consumption, as well as of electric power systems. Hydrogen has an important potential to accelerate the process of scaling up clean and renewable energy, however its integration in power systems remains little studied. This paper reviews the current progress and outlook of hydrogen technologies and their application in power systems for hydrogen production, re-electrification and storage. The characteristics of electrolysers and fuel cells are demonstrated with experimental data and the deployments of hydrogen for energy storage, power-to-gas, co- and tri-generation and transportation are investigated using examples from worldwide projects. The current techno-economic status of these technologies and applications is presented, in which cost, efficiency and durability are identified as the main critical aspects. This is also confirmed by the results of a statistical analysis of the literature. Finally, conclusions show that continuous efforts on performance improvements, scale ramp-up, technical prospects and political support are required to enable a cost-competitive hydrogen economy.

Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges