Geodesy

Macroeconomics

Benchmark (surveying)

Product (mathematics)

Philosophy

Ecology

National accounts

Service (business)

Biology

China

Accounting

Archaeology

Economics

Market economy

Business

Mainstream

National Income and Product Accounts

Mathematics

Geography

Environmental resource management

Geometry

Gross domestic product

Economy

Economic growth

Factor market

Theology

Natural resource economics

Nonmarket forces

Ecosystem services

Economic expansion

Ecosystem

Resources Conservation and Recycling

Mainstream national accounting indices have been debated on the exclusion of nonmarket services, such as ecosystem services. Here we introduce the practice of using the gross economic-ecological product (GEEP) in China to monitor economic growth taking into account ecosystem services. We show that GEEP grew by 6.4% annually from 2015 to 2018 in China, slower than the annualized GDP growth rate of 6.7%. Great spatial heterogeneity of GEEP growths indicate the imbalanced regional development of the economy and ecosystems. As a policy instrument, the GEEP provides a tool to benchmark and monitor economic growth within the means of nature.

Gross economic-ecological product as an integrated measure for ecological service and economic products