Machine learning

Task (project management)

Algorithmic learning theory

Inductive transfer

Robot

Artificial intelligence

Economics

Multi-task learning

Mobile robot

Management

Robot learning

Instance-based learning

Computer science

Active learning (machine learning)

Unsupervised learning

Transfer of learning

Semi-supervised learning

Natural language processing

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

Transfer learning (TL) has been successfully applied to many real-world problems that traditional machine learning (ML) cannot handle, such as image processing, speech recognition, and natural language processing (NLP). Commonly, TL tends to address three main problems of traditional machine learning: (1) insufficient labeled data, (2) incompatible computation power, and (3) distribution mismatch. In general, TL can be organized into four categories: transductive learning, inductive learning, unsupervised learning, and negative learning. Furthermore, each category can be organized into four learning types: learning on instances, learning on features, learning on parameters, and learning on relations. This article presents a comprehensive survey on TL. In addition, this article presents the state of the art, current trends, applications, and open challenges.

A Decade Survey of Transfer Learning (2010–2020)