Philosophy

Biology

Statistics

Time series

Computer science

Simple (philosophy)

Geology

Paleontology

Network model

Mathematics

Epistemology

Econometrics

Artificial intelligence

Series (stratigraphy)

Deep learning

Convolutional neural network

Machine learning

Scandinavian Actuarial Journal

The time-series nature of mortality rates lends itself to processing through neural networks that are specialized to deal with sequential data, such as recurrent and convolutional networks. The aim of this work is to show how the structure of the Lee–Carter model can be generalized using a relatively simple shallow convolutional network model, allowing for its components to be evaluated in familiar terms. Although deep networks have been applied successfully in many areas, we find that deep networks do not lead to an enhanced predictive performance in our approach for mortality forecasting, compared to the proposed shallow one. Our model produces highly accurate forecasts on the Human Mortality Database, and, without further modification, generalizes well to the United States Mortality Database.

Time-series forecasting of mortality rates using deep learning