Individualized care for patients with intersex (differences of sex development): part 4/5.Considering the Ifs, Whens, and Whats regarding sexual-reproductive system surgery

Issues and concerns regarding surgery of the sexual-reproductive anatomy during infancy and early childhood are discussed using four actual examples. A case of a 46, XX infant with 21 hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) with atypical (ambiguous) genitalia is discussed regarding timing and potential harms and benefits of surgery. We present the perspective of balancing the child's rights to bodily autonomy and right to an...