Perspective (graphical)

Soil water

Pedagogy

Value (mathematics)

Professional development

Creativity

Expansive clay

Mathematics education

Machine learning

Artificial intelligence

Psychology

Soil science

Composite material

Lesson study

Materials science

Originality

Expansive

Computer science

Learning sciences

Compressive strength

Experiential learning

Environmental science

Social psychology

International Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies

Purpose This study aimed to explore how a group of Chinese primary mathematics teachers learned through conducting an online cross-cultural lesson study between China and Australia. Design/methodology/approach An expansive learning theory was adopted to examine teachers' learning through collective activities across different activity systems. Multiple data sets including videos of research lessons, debriefings and audios of interviews were collected. From the expansive learning perspective, based on a fine-grained qualitative data analysis, various contradictions (as driving forces of learning) were identified and the ways of resolving the contradictions (as enactment of learning) were located to feature teacher learning throughout the online lesson study process. Findings Teachers' expansive learning includes enhancing teachers' MKT and Mathematics TPACK, developing instructional design skills and capabilities in addressing challenges occurring in the virtual environment were identified. Research limitations/implications Theoretically, the study illustrated how expansive learning theory could be utilized to examine teacher collaborative learning in the online cross-cultural lesson study. Practically, this study showed that reiterative cycles and experts' facilitation are crucial to expansive learning for linking research to classroom practice. However, this study did not focus on student learning in the virtual environment. Australian teachers' reciprocal learning through the online lesson study also requires further exploration. Originality/value Both online lesson study and cross-cultural collaboration are innovative. The expansive learning lens are creatively used to examine the complexity of teacher learning in such a novel environment.

Teachers' learning through an online lesson study: an analysis from the expansive learning perspective