Ecosystem

Soil water

Topsoil

Mathematics

Bacteria

Altitude (triangle)

Microbial population biology

Biology

Environmental chemistry

Biodiversity

Subsoil

Total organic carbon

Mathematical analysis

Soil science

Chemistry

Ecology

Geometry

Plateau (mathematics)

Environmental science

Soil carbon

Genetics

Global Change Biology

Soil microbes are directly involved in soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition, yet the importance of microbial biodiversity in regulating the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition remains elusive, particularly in alpine regions where climate change is predicted to strongly affect SOC dynamics and ecosystem stability. Here we collected topsoil and subsoil samples along an elevational gradient on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau to explore the temperature sensitivity ( Q 10 ) of SOC decomposition in relation to changes in microbial communities. Specifically, we tested whether the decomposition of SOC would be more sensitive to warming when microbial diversity is low. The estimated Q 10 value ranged from 1.28 to 1.68, and 1.80 to 2.10 in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively. The highest Q 10 value was observed at the lowest altitude of forests in the topsoil, and at the highest altitude of alpine meadow in the subsoil. Variations in Q 10 were closely related to changes in microbial properties. In the topsoil the ratio of gram‐positive to gram‐negative bacteria (G+:G−) was the predominant factor associated with the altitudinal variations in Q 10 . In the subsoil, SOC decomposition showed more resilience to warming when the diversity of soil bacteria (both whole community and major groups) and fungi was higher. Our results partly support the positive biodiversity‐ecosystem stability hypothesis. Structural equation modeling further indicates that variations in Q 10 in the subsoil were directly related to changes in microbial diversity and community composition, which were affected by soil pH. Collectively our results provide compelling evidence that microbial biodiversity plays an important role in stabilizing SOC decomposition in the subsoil of alpine montane ecosystems. Conservation of belowground biodiversity is therefore of great importance in maintaining the stability of ecosystem processes under climate change in high‐elevation regions of the Tibetan Plateau.

High microbial diversity stabilizes the responses of soil organic carbon decomposition to warming in the subsoil on the Tibetan Plateau