Biology

Thyroid carcinoma

Malignancy

Cytology

Cytopathology

Thyroid neoplasm

Radiology

Paleontology

Thyroid nodules

Funnel plot

Meta-analysis

Internal medicine

Confidence interval

Medicine

Publication bias

Nodule (geology)

Atypia

Pathology

Thyroid

Background: Little is known about the application of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) in pediatric thyroid nodules. This meta-analysis was aimed to investigate the use of TBSRTC in the pediatric population. Methods: Relevant articles were searched in PubMed and Web of Science. Meta-analysis of proportion and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed utilizing the random-effect model. We used subgroup analyses and meta-regression to explore the sources of heterogeneities. Egger's regression test and funnel plot visualization were used to examine publication bias. Results: We included 17 articles comprising of 3687 pediatric thyroid nodules for meta-analyses. TBSRTC outputs including frequency and risk of malignancy (ROM) for the majority of categories were not statistically different from recently published meta-analysis of 145,066 thyroid nodules in adult patients. The resection rate (RR) in the pediatric group was significantly higher in most of the categories compared with published adult data: benign, 23.2% [CI = 18.6–27.9] vs. 13.0% [CI = 9.5–16.5]; atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance, 62.6% [CI = 50.3–74.9] vs. 36.2% [CI = 29.9–42.5]; follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm, 84.3% [CI = 75.2–93.4] vs. 60.5% [CI = 54.5–66.5]; and suspicious for malignancy, 93.8% [CI = 90.1–97.6] vs. 69.7% [CI = 64.0–75.5]. Conclusion: TBSRTC is a valuable tool to make clinical decisions for pediatric patients with thyroid nodules. Pediatric patients with benign and indeterminate thyroid nodules had a higher RR than adult counterpart, but ROM of these categories in adults and children was not statistically different suggesting a potential risk of overtreatment in pediatric patients. Determining the best treatment guidelines and additional tools for risk stratification must be a top priority to precisely identify the target patient groups for surgical intervention.

The Use of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology in Pediatric Thyroid Nodules: A Meta-Analysis