Gene

Lepidoptera genitalia

Heliconius

Biology

Biochemistry

Botany

Nymphalidae

Evolutionary biology

Genetics

Terpene

Insect

Phylogenetics

Convergent evolution

Chemical ecology

Sex pheromone

Pheromone

PLoS Biology

Plants and insects often use the same compounds for chemical communication, but not much is known about the genetics of convergent evolution of chemical signals. The terpene ( E )-β-ocimene is a common component of floral scent and is also used by the butterfly Heliconius melpomene as an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone. While the biosynthesis of terpenes has been described in plants and microorganisms, few terpene synthases (TPSs) have been identified in insects. Here, we study the recent divergence of 2 species, H . melpomene and Heliconius cydno , which differ in the presence of ( E )-β-ocimene; combining linkage mapping, gene expression, and functional analyses, we identify 2 novel TPSs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that one, HmelOS, is able to synthesise ( E )-β-ocimene in vitro. We find no evidence for TPS activity in HcydOS (HmelOS ortholog of H . cydno ), suggesting that the loss of ( E )-β-ocimene in this species is the result of coding, not regulatory, differences. The TPS enzymes we discovered are unrelated to previously described plant and insect TPSs, demonstrating that chemical convergence has independent evolutionary origins.

A novel terpene synthase controls differences in anti-aphrodisiac pheromone production between closely related Heliconius butterflies