Deep learning

Neuroscience

Feature engineering

Mathematics

Domain (mathematical analysis)

Internet privacy

Mathematical analysis

Cognition

Artificial intelligence

Psychology

Deception

Computer science

Persuasion

Computer security

Social engineering (security)

Social psychology

Vulnerability (computing)

IEEE Access

Social engineering attacks have posed a serious security threat to cyberspace. However, there is much we have yet to know regarding what and how lead to the success of social engineering attacks. This paper proposes a conceptual model which provides an integrative and structural perspective to describe how social engineering attacks work. Three core entities (effect mechanism, human vulnerability and attack method) are identified to help the understanding of how social engineering attacks take effect. Then, beyond the familiar scope, we analyze and discuss the effect mechanisms involving 6 aspects <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(persuasion, social influence, cognition &amp; attitude &amp; behavior, trust and deception, language &amp; thought &amp; decision, emotion and decision-making)</i> and the human vulnerabilities involving 6 aspects <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(cognition and knowledge, behavior and habit, emotions and feelings, human nature, personality traits, individual characters)</i> , respectively. Finally, 16 social engineering attack scenarios (including 13 attack methods) are presented to illustrate how these mechanisms, vulnerabilities and attack methods are used to explain the success of social engineering attacks. Besides, this paper offers lots of materials for security awareness training and future empirical research, and the model is also helpful to develop a domain ontology of social engineering in cybersecurity.

Social Engineering in Cybersecurity: Effect Mechanisms, Human Vulnerabilities and Attack Methods