Gene

Cryopreservation

microRNA

Cell biology

Insemination

Biology

Sperm

Microvesicles

Biochemistry

Semen

Liposome

Genetics

Embryo

Anatomy

Oxidative stress

Andrology

Medicine

Chemistry

Artificial insemination

Semen cryopreservation

Pregnancy

Animals

Cryopreservation is an essential tool to preserve sperm cells for zootechnical management and artificial insemination purposes. Cryopreservation is associated with sperm damage via different levels of plasma membrane injury and oxidative stress. Nanoparticles are often used to defend against free radicals and oxidative stress generated through the entire process of cryopreservation. Recently, artificial or natural nanovesicles including liposomes and exosomes, respectively, have shown regenerative capabilities to repair damaged sperm during the freeze-thaw process. Exosomes possess a potential pleiotropic effect because they contain antioxidants, lipids, and other bioactive molecules regulating and repairing spermatozoa. In this review, we highlight the current strategies of using nanoparticles and nanovesicles (liposomes and exosomes) to combat the cryoinjuries associated with semen cryopreservation.

The Current Trends in Using Nanoparticles, Liposomes, and Exosomes for Semen Cryopreservation