Physics

Electron

Dipole

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

Charged particle

Phenomenology (philosophy)

Pulsar

Magnetic field

Magnetosphere

Epistemology

Kinetic energy

Philosophy

Relativistic particle

Nuclear physics

Astrophysics

Quantum mechanics

Millisecond pulsar

Computational physics

Classical mechanics

Gamma ray

The Astrophysical Journal

We present 3D global kinetic pulsar magnetosphere models, where the charged particle trajectories and the corresponding electromagnetic fields are treated self-consistently. For our study, we have developed a cartesian 3D relativistic particle-in-cell code that incorporates the radiation reaction forces. We describe our code and discuss the related technical issues, treatments, and assumptions. Injecting particles up to large distances in the magnetosphere, we apply arbitrarily low to high particle injection rates and get an entire spectrum of solutions from close to the Vacuum-Retarded-Dipole to close to the Force-Free solution, respectively. For high particle injection rates (close to FF solutions) significant accelerating electric field components are confined only near the equatorial current sheet outside the light-cylinder. A judicious interpretation of our models allows the calculation of the particle emission and consequently the derivation of the corresponding realistic high-energy sky-maps and spectra. Using model parameters that cover the entire range of spin-down powers of Fermi young and millisecond pulsars, we compare the corresponding model $\gamma$-ray light-curves, cutoff energies, and total $\gamma$-ray luminosities with those observed by Fermi to discover a dependence of the particle injection-rate, $\mathcal{F}$, on the spin-down power, $\dot{\mathcal{E}}$, indicating an increase of $\mathcal{F}$ with $\dot{\mathcal{E}}$. Our models guided by Fermi observations provide field-structures and particle distributions that are not only consistent with each other but also able to reproduce a broad range of the observed $\gamma$-ray phenomenology of both young and millisecond pulsars.

Three-dimensional Kinetic Pulsar Magnetosphere Models: Connecting to Gamma-Ray Observations