Catalysis

Engineering

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Lewis acids and bases

Computer science

Cyclohexanone

Inorganic chemistry

Chemical engineering

Stereochemistry

Signature (topology)

Organic chemistry

Cluster (spacecraft)

Mathematics

Zeolite

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Geometry

Crystallography

Chemistry

Programming language

BETA (programming language)

ACS Catalysis

A variety of Sn-containing Beta zeolites possessing framework or extraframework Sn sites were prepared by a two-step postsynthesis procedure. The nature of these Sn species was systematically investigated by several approaches, including DRIFT, XPS, UV–vis, and solid-state 119Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy. The subtle distinctions of the Lewis acidic features between the framework and extraframework Sn sites were identified via acetone-2-13C, TMPO, and NH3 adsorption, studied via 13C, 31P, and 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy, respectively. Two types of Lewis acid sites (LAS) have been observed and attributed to (i) framework Sn sites and (ii) extraframework SnOx clusters confined inside the pores or cages of [Si]Beta zeolite, both exhibiting Lewis acid properties. The Lewis acidic characteristics of the extraframework Sn sites were found to depend on the cluster sizes. The confined SnOx clusters with sizes of 0.5–2 nm possess Lewis acidic characteristics similar to those of the framework Sn species and also exhibit a comparable catalytic activity in the Baeyer-Villiger (B-V) oxidation of cyclohexanone and cyclohexene oxide hydration. With an increase in size of the SnOx clusters to over 2 nm, the Lewis acidic characteristics of the extraframework Sn species gradually weaken or even disappear.

Spectroscopic Signature of Lewis Acidic Framework and Extraframework Sn Sites in Beta Zeolites