Deep learning

Cover (algebra)

Biology

Gene

Computer security model

Machine learning

Engineering

Paleontology

Artificial intelligence

Chemistry

Context (archaeology)

Computer science

Malware

Computer security

Artificial neural network

Biochemistry

Robustness (evolution)

Mechanical engineering

Vulnerability (computing)

Deep learning is increasingly used as a building block of security systems. Unfortunately, neural networks are hard to interpret and typically opaque to the practitioner. The machine learning community has started to address this problem by developing methods for explaining the predictions of neural networks. While several of these approaches have been successfully applied in the area of computer vision, their application in security has received little attention so far. It is an open question which explanation methods are appropriate for computer security and what requirements they need to satisfy. In this paper, we introduce criteria for comparing and evaluating explanation methods in the context of computer security. These cover general properties, such as the accuracy of explanations, as well as security-focused aspects, such as the completeness, efficiency, and robustness. Based on our criteria, we investigate six popular explanation methods and assess their utility in security systems for malware detection and vulnerability discovery. We observe significant differences between the methods and build on these to derive general recommendations for selecting and applying explanation methods in computer security.

Evaluating Explanation Methods for Deep Learning in Security