int agric biol

fruit detection

leaf disease

broccoli heads

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

• Proposing an apple flower detection method based on YOLO v4 deep learning algorithm. • Realizing the apple flower detection model slimming by channel pruning algorithm. • Achieving fast and accurate detection of apple flowers under natural environments. • The proposed method contributes to the development of apple flower thinning robots. Achieving the rapid and accurate detection of apple flowers in natural environments is essential for yield estimation and the development of an automatic flower thinner. A real-time apple flower detection method using the channel pruned YOLO v4 deep learning algorithm was proposed. First, the YOLO v4 model under the CSPDarknet53 framework was built, and then, to simplify the apple flower detection model and ensure the efficiency of the model, the channel pruning algorithm was used to prune the model. Finally, a total of 2230 manually labeled apple flower images (including three varieties of Fuji, Red Love, and Gala) were used to fine-tune the model to achieve the fast and accurate detection of apple flowers. The test results showed that the number of parameters of the apple flower detection model after pruning was reduced by 96.74%, the model size was reduced by 231.51 MB, the inference time was decreased by 39.47%, and the mAP was 97.31%, which was only 0.24% lower than the model before pruning. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, five different deep learning algorithms including the Faster R-CNN, Tiny-YOLO v2, YOLO v3, SSD 300 and EfficientDet-D0 were compared. The comparative results showed that the mAP of the apple flower detection using the proposed method was 97.31%; the detection speed was 72.33f/s; the model size was 12.46 MB; the mAP was 12.21%, 15.56%, 14.19%, 5.67% and 7.79% higher than the other five algorithms, respectively; and the detection speed could meet the real-time requirements. Furthermore, the detection performance of apple flowers under different species of apple trees and illumination conditions was discussed. The results indicated that ...

Using channel pruning-based YOLO v4 deep learning algorithm for the real-time and accurate detection of apple flowers in natural environments