Quantum mechanics

Context (archaeology)

Engineering

Neuroscience

Biology

Environmental economics

Landscape assessment

Archaeology

Energy (signal processing)

Economics

Civil engineering

Typology

Business

Environmental planning

Physics

Visibility

Psychology

Renewable energy

Geography

Political science

Environmental resource management

Landscape design

Environmental science

Environmental impact assessment

Land use

Wind power

Meteorology

Natural resource economics

Perception

Electrical engineering

Applied Energy

Landscape impacts associated with aesthetics have been a persistent cause of opposition against renewable energy projects. However, the current uncertainty over the spatial extents and the rationality of reported impacts impedes the development of optimal strategies for their mitigation. In this paper, a typology of landscape impacts is formed for hydroelectric, wind and solar energy through the review of three metrics that have been used extensively for impact-assessment: land use, visibility and public perception. Additionally, a generic landscape-impact ranking is formed, based on data from realized projects, demonstrating that hydroelectric energy has been the least impactful to landscapes per unit energy generation, followed by solar and wind energy, respectively. More importantly, the analysis highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each technology, in a landscape impact context, and demonstrates that, depending on landscape attributes, any technology can potentially be the least impactful. Finally, a holistic approach is proposed for future research and policy for the integration of renewable energy to landscapes, introducing the maximum utilization of the advantages of each technology as an additional strategy in an effort to expand beyond the mitigation of negative impacts.

A review of land use, visibility and public perception of renewable energy in the context of landscape impact