Symmetry breaking

Quantum mechanics

Modular invariance

Conformal symmetry

Theoretical physics

Pure mathematics

Mathematical physics

Quantum field theory

Unitary group

Dimension (graph theory)

Operating system

Computer science

Gauge theory

Scaling

Scaling dimension

Global symmetry

Modular design

Physics

Central charge

Mathematics

Political science

Homogeneous space

Invariant (physics)

Irreducible representation

Unitary state

Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Geometry

Conformal map

Gauge group

Symmetry (geometry)

Journal of High Energy Physics

We derive Cardy-like formulas for the growth of operators in different sectors of unitary $2$ dimensional CFT in the presence of topological defect lines by putting an upper and lower bound on the number of states with scaling dimension in the interval $[\Delta-\delta,\Delta+\delta]$ for large $\Delta$ at fixed $\delta$. Consequently we prove that given any unitary modular invariant $2$D CFT symmetric under finite global symmetry $G$ (acting faithfully), all the irreducible representations of $G$ appear in the spectra of the untwisted sector; the growth of states is Cardy like and proportional to the ''square'' of the dimension of the irrep. In the Schwarzian limit, the result matches onto that of JT gravity with a bulk gauge theory. If the symmetry is non-anomalous, the result applies to any sector twisted by a group element. For $c>1$, the statements are true for Virasoro primaries. Furthermore, the results are applicable to large c CFTs. We also extend our results for the continuous $U(1)$ group.

High energy modular bootstrap, global symmetries and defects