Marxist philosophy

World Wide Web

Engineering

Variety (cybernetics)

Digital economy

Expression (computer science)

The Internet

Economics

Computer science

Relation (database)

Neoclassical economics

Mechanical engineering

Digital media

Database

Politics

Political science

Work (physics)

Political economy

Sociology

Artificial intelligence

Programming language

Media Culture & Society

Since the early 2000s, the expression ‘digital labour’ has identified an influential theoretical proposition in the Marxist critique of the political economy of digital media, which sees the leisure-driven, unpaid activities of social media users as unremunerated forms of work contributing to Internet companies’ profits. Over the years, however, this expression has evolved into an umbrella term, used to describe a variety of practices and instances concerning the broader relationship between labour and digital technology – including paid work – often with little or no relation to the original theory. Reflecting on this evolution, this article argues that ‘digital labour’ has become a kind of empty signifier, unable to serve a clearly distinguishable critical or analytical purpose. Focusing on the emergence of platform labour, it shows how ‘digital’ and ‘labour’ have come to be largely inseparable dimensions and discusses the related implications.

Digital labour: an empty signifier?