synthetic aperture

phased array

high intensity focused

diagnostic ultrasound

Ultrasonics

Delay-and-sum (DAS) is the most widespread digital beamformer in high-frame-rate ultrasound imaging. Its implementation is simple and compatible with real-time applications. In this viewpoint article, we describe the fundamentals of DAS beamforming. The underlying theory and numerical approach are detailed so that users can be aware of its functioning and limitations. In particular, we discuss the importance of the f -number and speed of sound on image quality, and propose one solution to set their values from a physical viewpoint. We suggest determining the f -number from the directivity of the transducer elements and the speed of sound from the phase dispersion of the delayed signals. Simplified Matlab codes are provided for the sake of clarity and openness. The effect of the f -number and speed of sound on the lateral resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio was investigated in vitro and in vivo . If not properly preset, these two factors had a substantial negative impact on standard metrics of image quality (namely CNR and FWHM ). When beamforming with DAS in vitro or in vivo , it is recommended to optimize these parameters in order to use it wisely and prevent image degradation.

So you think you can DAS? A viewpoint on delay-and-sum beamforming