Quantum mechanics

Magnetic field

Mixing (physics)

Power law

Gamma-ray burst

Statistics

Nuclear physics

Astrophysics

Plasma

Afterglow

Jet (fluid)

Physics

Mathematics

Mechanics

Toroid

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

ABSTRACT The interaction of gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets with the dense media into which they are launched promote the growth of local hydrodynamic instabilities along the jet boundary. In a companion paper, we study the evolution of hydrodynamic (unmagnetized) jets, finding that mixing of jet–cocoon material gives rise to an interface layer, termed jet–cocoon interface (JCI), which contains a significant fraction of the system energy. We find that the angular structure of the jet + JCI, when they reach the homologous phase, can be approximated by a flat core (the jet) + a power-law function (the JCI) with indices that depend on the degree of mixing. In this paper, we examine the effect of subdominant toroidal magnetic fields on the jet evolution and morphology. We find that weak fields can stabilize the jet against local instabilities. The suppression of the mixing diminishes the JCI and thus reshapes the jet’s post-breakout structure. Nevertheless, the overall shape of the outflow can still be approximated by a flat core + a power-law function, although the JCI power-law decay is steeper. The effect of weak fields is more prominent in long GRB jets, where the mixing in hydrodynamic jets is stronger. In short GRB jets, there is small mixing in both weakly magnetized and unmagnetized jets. This result influences the expected jet emission which is governed by the jet’s morphology. Therefore, prompt and afterglow observations in long GRBs may be used as probes for the magnetic nature at the base of the jets.

The structure of weakly magnetized γ-ray burst jets