Energy consumption

Quantum mechanics

Powertrain

Electronic control unit

Vehicle dynamics

Engineering

Aerospace engineering

CarSim

MATLAB

Statistics

Electric energy consumption

Systems engineering

Operating system

Range (aeronautics)

Power (physics)

Regenerative brake

Computer science

Electric vehicle

Electric energy

Estimation

Thermodynamics

Physics

Torque

Simulation

Mathematics

Estimator

Driving range

Battery electric vehicle

Sociology

Automotive engineering

Environmental science

Brake

Consumption (sociology)

Electrical engineering

Social science

International Journal of Energy Research

Electric vehicles (EVs) have a limited driving range compared to conventional vehicles. Accurate estimation of EV's range is therefore a significant need to eliminate “range anxiety” that refers to drivers' fear of running out of energy while driving. However, the range estimators used in the currently available EVs are not sufficiently accurate. To overcome this issue, more accurate range estimation techniques are investigated. Nonetheless, an accurate power-based EV energy consumption model is crucial to obtain a precise range estimation. This paper describes a study on EV energy consumption modelling. For this purpose, EV modelling is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink software based on a real EV in the market, the BMW i3. The EV model includes vehicle powertrain system and longitudinal vehicle dynamics. The powertrain is modelled using efficiency maps of the electric motor and the power electronics' data available for BMW i3. It also includes a transmission and a battery model (ie, Thevenin equivalent circuit model). A driver model is developed as well to control the vehicle's speed and to represent human driver's behaviour. In addition, a regenerative braking strategy, based on a series brake system, is developed to model the behaviour of a real braking controller. Auxiliary devices are also included in the EV model to improve energy consumption estimation accuracy as they can have a significant impact on that. The vehicle model is validated against published energy consumption values that demonstrates a satisfactory level of accuracy with 2% to 6% error between simulation and experimental results for Environmental Protection Agency and NEDC tests.

Electric vehicle energy consumption modelling and estimation—A case study