Nematode

Biology

Machine learning

Hyperspectral imaging

Random forest

Artificial intelligence

Geography

Multispectral image

Ecology

Wilt disease

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Computer science

Botany

Pinus pinaster

Forestry

Environmental science

Remote sensing

Remote Sensing

Pine Wilt Disease is one of the most destructive pests affecting coniferous forests. After being infected by the harmful Bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematode, most trees die within one year. The complex spreading pattern of the disease and the tedious hard labor process of diagnosis involving field wood sampling followed by laboratory analysis call for alternative methods to detect and manage the infected areas. Remote sensing comes naturally into play owing to the possibility of covering relatively large areas and the ability to discriminate healthy from sick trees based on spectral characteristics. This paper presents the development of machine learning classification algorithms for the detection of Pine Wilt Disease in Pinus pinaster, performed in the framework of the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 project “Operational Forest Monitoring using Copernicus and UAV Hyperspectral Data” (FOCUS) in two provinces of central Portugal. Five flight campaigns have been carried out in two consecutive years in order to capture a multitemporal variation of disease distribution. Classification algorithms based on a Random Forest approach were separately designed for the acquired very-high-resolution multispectral and hyperspectral data, respectively. Both algorithms achieved overall accuracies higher than 0.91 in test data. Furthermore, our study shows that the early detection of decaying trees is feasible, even before symptoms are visible in the field.

A Machine Learning Approach to Detecting Pine Wilt Disease Using Airborne Spectral Imagery