Macroeconomics

Catalysis

Engineering

Distillation

Waste heat

Materials science

Evaporator

Water splitting

Distribution (mathematics)

Economics

Biochemistry

Chemical engineering

Heat exchanger

Solar energy

Mechanical engineering

Thermodynamics

Hydrogen

Physics

Nanotechnology

Organic chemistry

Mathematics

Photothermal therapy

Process engineering

Mathematical analysis

Composite material

Evaporation

Chemistry

Wetting

Photocatalysis

Hydrogen production

Electricity

Production (economics)

Electrical engineering

Nano Energy

The ability to control heterogeneous water distribution and evaporation could address low vapor generation issues which has great implications for distillation and energy systems efficiency. Herein, we devise an efficient solar-driven water-electricity-hydrogen generation system by spatially controlling water diffusion and evaporation of 3D hydrogel evaporators. Specifically, through template-assisted regulation of the interfacial structures of the hydrogel evaporator, the relationship between the macroscale liquid-vapor area and the water pumping pathway was studied. The hybrid wettability and distinct water distribution strategy achieved via selective hydrophobic-hydrophilic modification enhance the photothermal efficiency by 207% compared with the flat hydrophilic evaporator. Finally, the tailored hydrogels for contrasting evaporative cooling and solar absorption heating are integrated with Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric generator (TEG) to efficiently convert waste heat into electricity and drive electrochemical water splitting under outdoor sunny/cloudy conditions. The prototype demonstrates evaporation of 1.42 kg m−2 h−1, power output of 4.8 W/m2, and hydrogen evolution of 0.3 mmol/h. This work could pave the development of highly integrated hybrid systems to deliver three crucial water, energy and fuel commodities for global sustainability.

Controlled heterogeneous water distribution and evaporation towards enhanced photothermal water-electricity-hydrogen production