Wastewater

Textile

Engineering

Ecology

Bacteria

Biology

Materials science

Biodegradation

Telecommunications

Environmental remediation

Biochemical engineering

Waste management

Genetics

Organic chemistry

Degradation (telecommunications)

Contamination

Environmental science

Composite material

Chemistry

Industrial wastewater treatment

Microorganism

Pulp and paper industry

Microbial biodegradation

Bioresource Technology

Industrialization increases use of dyes due to its high demand in paper, cosmetic, textile, leather and food industries. This in turn would increase wastewater generation from dye industrial activities. Various dyes and its structural compounds present in dye industrial wastewater have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans. Synthetic dyes are more resistant than natural dyes to physical and chemical methods for remediation which makes them more difficult to get decolorize. Microbial degradation has been researched and reviewed largely for quicker dye degradation. Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) play important role in achieving complete dye degradation. This paper provides scientific and technical information about dyes & dye intermediates and biodegradation of azo dye. It also compiles information about factors affecting dye(s) biodegradation, role of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in process of dye(s) degradation and perspectives in this field of research.

Microbial degradation of dyes: An overview