Contamination

Engineering

Biodegradation

Composite material

Textile

Microorganism

Organic chemistry

Biochemical engineering

Chemistry

Ecology

Materials science

Microbial biodegradation

Degradation (telecommunications)

Environmental science

Industrial wastewater treatment

Environmental remediation

Bacteria

Pulp and paper industry

Genetics

Waste management

Telecommunications

Biology

Wastewater

Bioresource Technology

Industrialization increases use of dyes due to its high demand in paper, cosmetic, textile, leather and food industries. This in turn would increase wastewater generation from dye industrial activities. Various dyes and its structural compounds present in dye industrial wastewater have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans. Synthetic dyes are more resistant than natural dyes to physical and chemical methods for remediation which makes them more difficult to get decolorize. Microbial degradation has been researched and reviewed largely for quicker dye degradation. Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) play important role in achieving complete dye degradation. This paper provides scientific and technical information about dyes & dye intermediates and biodegradation of azo dye. It also compiles information about factors affecting dye(s) biodegradation, role of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in process of dye(s) degradation and perspectives in this field of research.

Microbial degradation of dyes: An overview