Quantum mechanics

Context (archaeology)

Algorithm

Residual

Sleep Stages

Neuroscience

Biology

Polysomnography

Operating system

Psychiatry

Telecommunications

Power (physics)

Biochemistry

Computer science

Sleep (system call)

Paleontology

Genetics

Physics

Psychology

Sequence (biology)

Pattern recognition (psychology)

Reliability (semiconductor)

Artificial intelligence

Electroencephalography

Medicine

Chemistry

Deep learning

Channel (broadcasting)

Epoch (astronomy)

Stars

Computer vision

Biomedical Signal Processing and Control

A deep learning model, named IITNet, is proposed to learn intra- and inter-epoch temporal contexts from raw single-channel EEG for automatic sleep scoring. To classify the sleep stage from half-minute EEG, called an epoch, sleep experts investigate sleep-related events and consider the transition rules between the found events. Similarly, IITNet extracts representative features at a sub-epoch level by a residual neural network and captures intra- and inter-epoch temporal contexts from the sequence of the features via bidirectional LSTM. The performance was investigated for three datasets as the sequence length (L) increased from one to ten. IITNet achieved the comparable performance with other state-of-the-art results. The best accuracy, MF1, and Cohen's kappa ($\kappa$) were 83.9%, 77.6%, 0.78 for SleepEDF (L=10), 86.5%, 80.7%, 0.80 for MASS (L=9), and 86.7%, 79.8%, 0.81 for SHHS (L=10), respectively. Even though using four epochs, the performance was still comparable. Compared to using a single epoch, on average, accuracy and MF1 increased by 2.48%p and 4.90%p and F1 of N1, N2, and REM increased by 16.1%p, 1.50%p, and 6.42%p, respectively. Above four epochs, the performance improvement was not significant. The results support that considering the latest two-minute raw single-channel EEG can be a reasonable choice for sleep scoring via deep neural networks with efficiency and reliability. Furthermore, the experiments with the baselines showed that introducing intra-epoch temporal context learning with a deep residual network contributes to the improvement in the overall performance and has the positive synergy effect with the inter-epoch temporal context learning.

Intra- and inter-epoch temporal context network (IITNet) using sub-epoch features for automatic sleep scoring on raw single-channel EEG