Geochemistry

Facies

Metamorphic rock

Biology

Identification (biology)

Geomorphology

Mineralogy

Granulite

Computer science

Zoning

Botany

Trace element

Resolution (logic)

Thin section

Geology

Rare-earth element

Structural basin

Political science

Mineral resource classification

Metamorphic facies

Metamorphism

Artificial intelligence

Remote sensing

High resolution

Rare earth

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology

Garnet is one of the most robust and ubiquitous minerals that record element zoning during crustal metamorphism. In addition to major elements, zoning in trace elements can provide a wealth of information to document the changing conditions of garnet growth and modification. However, mapping trace elements at low concentrations, over large areas and with high resolution has remained a major challenge. We present a comprehensive investigation of the TE distribution in garnet from three Alpine samples that underwent a complex evolution at different metamorphic conditions. The TE distribution in garnet grains is mapped in 2D in thin section with a novel approach using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOFMS) to achieve a lateral resolution of 5 µm and limits of detection for the heavy rare earth elements (REE) down to 0.2 µg/g. Comparison with major element zoning measured by electron probe microanalysis and trace elements measured by conventional LA-ICPMS spot analysis testifies to the accuracy of the measurements. Garnet in an amphibolite-facies metapelite from Campolungo, Central Alps, that recorded metamorphism to 600 °C preserves Y + REE trace element zoning that closely matches that of Ca. In this sample, there is no notable diffusive modification for trace elements. Y + REE zoning is dominated by Rayleigh fractionation in the core and by the sporadic breakdown of accessory phases producing annuli in the rim of the garnet. A granulite-facies garnet from Malenco, Eastern Central Alps, formed during subsolidus heating, followed by peritectic melting reactions up to temperatures of 800–850 °C. Major and trace element zoning are decoupled indicating diffusional resetting of major elements, whereas trace elements still largely document the growth history. Enrichment of trace elements in the garnet mantle may be related to the consumption of biotite (V, Cr) and the dissolution of zircon (Zr) and monazite (Y + REE) in the melt. Diffusion of Y + HREE at the core–mantle boundary occurred over a length scale of ~ 200 µm. Garnet in an eclogite from the Sesia Zone, Western Alps (P ~ 2 GPa, T ~ 600 °C), displays pronounced fluid-related veinlets, visible in FeO, MgO and MnO, which cross-cut the primary growth zoning. Surprisingly, complex Y + REE and Cr zoning is not affected by the veinlets, indicating that they did not form by a crack-seal mechanism but are rather related to a selective replacement process. The trace element maps provide a detailed insight into the growth and modification of garnet and thus allow assessment of equilibrium versus disequilibrium processes, and assist in determination of P–T conditions, garnet dating, diffusion modelling as well as documenting fluid-induced modifications.

Identification of growth mechanisms in metamorphic garnet by high-resolution trace element mapping with LA-ICP-TOFMS