Macroeconomics

Quantum mechanics

Catalysis

Scale (ratio)

Composite number

Engineering

Solid acid

Biotechnology

Biology

Pyrolysis

Materials science

Economics

Carbon fibers

Chemical engineering

Geology

Oceanography

Waste management

Physics

Organic chemistry

Pyrolysis oil

Deoxygenation

Biofuel

Biomass (ecology)

Agronomy

Environmental science

Composite material

Chemistry

Pulp and paper industry

Production (economics)

Coke

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Despite remarkable progress in catalytic fast pyrolysis, bio-oil production is far from commercialization because of multi-scale challenges, and major constraints lie with catalysts. This review aims to introduce major constraints of acid catalysts and simultaneously to find out possible solutions for the production of fuel-grade bio-oil in biomass catalytic fast pyrolysis. The catalytic activities of several materials which act as acid catalysts and the impacts of Bronsted and Lewis acid site on the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed. Considering the complexity of catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass with acid catalysts, in-depth understandings of cracking, deoxygenation, carbon-carbon coupling, and aromatization for both in-situ and ex-situ configurations are emphasized. The limitation of diffusion along with coke formation, active site poisoning, thermal/hydrothermal deactivation, sintering, and low aromatics in bio-oil are process complexities with solid acid catalysts. The economic viability of large-scale bio-oil production demands progress in catalyst modification or/and developing new catalysts. The potential of different catalyst modification strategies for an adequate amount of acid sites and pore size confinement is discussed. By critically evaluating the challenges and potential of catalyst modification techniques, multi-functional catalysts may be an effective approach for selective conversion of biomass to bio-oil and chemicals through catalytic fast pyrolysis. This review offers a scientific reference for the research and development of catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass.

Multi-scale complexities of solid acid catalysts in the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil production – A review