Physics

Geology

Climate change

Meteorology

Archaeology

Forcing (mathematics)

Mediterranean Basin

Atmospheric sciences

Intensity (physics)

Precipitation

Oceanography

Orographic lift

Climate model

Orography

Geography

Heat wave

Downscaling

Climatology

Quantum mechanics

Environmental science

Mediterranean climate

Scientific Reports

Heat waves are among the most relevant extreme climatic events due to their effects on society, agriculture and environment. The aim of this work is to improve our understanding of heat waves over the Mediterranean basin during the 21 st century from an ensemble of Regional Climate Models (RCMs). Focus has been placed on sensitivities to forcing global models, emissions scenarios and the RCM resolution, being the first work based on Euro-CORDEX simulations to fully analyze future heat waves in the Mediterranean. Heat wave features are studied with Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI, duration) and Heat Wave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId, intensity). Results indicate a large increase by the end of the century in both intensity and length of heat waves from all emissions scenarios, global models, and regional models at any resolution. Exceptional heat waves observed early on the century could then become normal by the end of this period. Forcing global models and emissions scenarios play a major role. Clear added value on spatial distribution and heat wave indices are obtained from global to regional models dynamical downscaling, related to the important coastal or orographic aspects widely present over the Mediterranean.

Future heat waves over the Mediterranean from an Euro-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble