Gene

Ethnic group

Gender studies

Bureaucracy

International law

Biochemistry

Officer

White (mutation)

Psychology

Politics

Political science

Criminology

Sociology

Use of force

Chemistry

Race (biology)

Deadly force

The American Review of Public Administration

Representative bureaucracy research has examined the influence of race and ethnicity on policing outcomes, yet little is known about police use of force specifically at the individual-level. To address this topic more meticulously, we utilize individual-level data (from Indianapolis and Dallas police departments) to explore differences in the amount of force used by officers in ethnic, racial, and gender matches in police–civilian dyads. Findings suggest that there are heightened levels of force used when there is racial and gender incongruenc between the officer and the civilian, particularly White officers interacting with Black civilians. We discuss how this finding may impact police departments moving forward.

Police Use of Force Interactions: Is Race Relevant or Gender Germane?