Quantum mechanics

Thematic analysis

Usability

Scale (ratio)

Think aloud protocol

Engineering

Microeconomics

Economics

Computer science

Qualitative research

Cognitive science

Mechanical engineering

Physics

Psychology

Work (physics)

Sociology

Data science

Artificial intelligence

Mathematical economics

Game theory

Mental model

Human–computer interaction

Social science

As more and more forms of AI become prevalent, it becomes increasingly important to understand how people develop mental models of these systems. In this work we study people's mental models of AI in a cooperative word guessing game. We run think-aloud studies in which people play the game with an AI agent; through thematic analysis we identify features of the mental models developed by participants. In a large-scale study we have participants play the game with the AI agent online and use a post-game survey to probe their mental model. We find that those who win more often have better estimates of the AI agent's abilities. We present three components for modeling AI systems, propose that understanding the underlying technology is insufficient for developing appropriate conceptual models (analysis of behavior is also necessary), and suggest future work for studying the revision of mental models over time.

Mental Models of AI Agents in a Cooperative Game Setting