Quantum mechanics

Engineering

Multiphysics

Materials science

Electromagnetics

Computer science

Classical mechanics

Mechanical engineering

Thermodynamics

Physics

Finite element method

High-temperature superconductivity

Electromagnetic field

Superconductivity

Electronic engineering

Superconducting magnet

Condensed matter physics

Maxwell's equations

Topology (electrical circuits)

Computational electromagnetics

Magnet

Electrical engineering

Engineering physics

IEEE Access

This paper reviews the modeling of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) using the finiteelement method (FEM) based on the H-formulation of Maxwell's equations. This formulation has become the most popular numerical modeling method for simulating the electromagnetic behavior of HTS, especially thanks to the easiness of implementation in the commercial finite-element program COMSOL Multiphysics. Numerous studies prove that the H-formulation is able to simulate a wide scope of HTS topologies, from simple geometries such as HTS tapes and coils, to more complex HTS devices, up to large superconducting magnets. In this paper, we review the basics of the H-formulation, its evolution from 2D to 3D, its application for calculating critical currents and AC losses as well as magnetization of HTS bulks and tape stacks. We also review the use of the H-formulation for large-scale HTS applications, its use to solve multi-physics problems involving electromagnetic-thermal and electromagnetic-mechanical couplings, and its application to study the dynamic resistance of superconductors and flux pumps.

Overview of <i>H</i>-Formulation: A Versatile Tool for Modeling Electromagnetics in High-Temperature Superconductor Applications

Overview of H-Formulation: A Versatile Tool for Modeling Electromagnetics in High-Temperature Superconductor Applications