Gene

Robot

Engineering

Materials science

Soft robotics

Robustness (evolution)

Actuator

Biochemistry

Computer science

Nanowire

Mechanical engineering

Physics

Nanotechnology

MXenes

Robotics

Artificial intelligence

Composite material

Chemistry

Nanostructure

Meteorology

Bamboo

Mesoscale meteorology

Toughness

Electrical engineering

ACS Nano

Soft actuation materials are highly desirable in flexible electronics, soft robotics, etc. However, traditional bilayered actuators usually suffer from poor mechanical properties as well as deteriorated performance reliability. Here, inspired by the delicate architecture of natural bamboo, we present a hierarchical gradient structured soft actuator via mesoscale assembly of micro–nano-scaled two-dimentional MXenes and one-dimentional cellulose nanofibers with molecular-scaled strong hydrogen bonding. The resultant actuator integrates high tensile strength (237.1 MPa), high Young's modulus (8.5 GPa), superior toughness (10.9 MJ/m3), and direct and fast hygroscopic actuation within a single body, which is difficult to achieve by traditional bilayered actuators. The proof-of-concept prototype robot is demonstrated to emphasize its high mechanical robustness even after bending 100 000 times, kneading, or being trampled by an adult (7 500 000 times heavier than a crawling robot). This bioinspired mesoscale assembly strategy provides an approach for soft materials to the application of next-generation robust robotics.

Ultrarobust Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Soft Actuators via Bamboo-Inspired Mesoscale Assembly of Hybrid Nanostructures