Random forest

Engineering

Geotechnical engineering

Coupling (piping)

Water resource management

Computer science

Geology

Soil water

Wavelet transform

Mechanical engineering

Groundwater

Irrigation scheduling

Hydrology (agriculture)

Environmental science

Gradient boosting

Artificial intelligence

Soil science

Artificial neural network

Machine learning

Wavelet

Advances in Water Resources

Groundwater level (GWL) forecasting is crucial for irrigation scheduling, water supply and land development. Machine learning (ML) (e.g., artificial neural networks) has been increasingly adopted to forecast GWL due to its ability to model nonlinearities between GWL and its drivers (e.g., rainfall). Although ML approaches have been successful at forecasting GWL, they are often inaccurate when GWL exhibits multiscale changes (e.g., due to urbanization). To address this shortcoming, wavelet transforms (WT) are routinely coupled with ML methods. Unfortunately, researchers frequently neglect key issues associated with WT that render such forecasts useless for real-world scenarios. This study demonstrates how new ML methods, such as eXtreme Gradient Boosting and Random Forests, can be properly coupled with WT to generate accurate GWL forecasts (1-–3 months ahead) for 7 wells in Kumamoto City in Southern Japan that can be used to help address current pressing issues such as groundwater quality and land subsidence.

Multiscale groundwater level forecasting: Coupling new machine learning approaches with wavelet transforms