Geodesy

Benchmark (surveying)

Statistics

Tracking (education)

Pedagogy

Calibration

Computer science

Eye tracking

Tracking system

Psychology

Mathematics

Geography

Artificial intelligence

Kalman filter

Gaze

Human–computer interaction

Computer vision

International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery

Purpose Eye gaze tracking is proving to be beneficial in many biomedical applications. The performance of systems based on eye gaze tracking is very much dependent on how accurate their calibration is. It has been reported that the gaze tracking accuracy deteriorates cumulatively and significantly with usage time. This impedes the wide use of gaze tracking in user interfaces. Methods Explicit re-calibration, typically requiring the user’s active attention, is time-consuming and can interfere with the user’s main activity. Therefore, we propose an implicit re-calibration method, which can rectify the deterioration of the gaze tracking accuracy without bringing about the user’s deliberate attention. We make use of hand-eye coordination, with the reasonable assumption that the eye gaze follows the pointer during a selection task, to acquire additional calibration points during normal usage of a gaze-contingent system. We construct a statistical model for the calibration and the hand-eye coordination and apply the Gaussian process regression framework to perform the re-calibration. Results To validate our model and method, we performed a user study on ultrasonography tasks on a gaze-contingent interface for ultrasound machines. Results suggest that our method can rectify the tracking accuracy deterioration for $$75\%$$ 75% of all cases where deterioration occurs in our user study. With another benchmark dataset, our method can redress tracking accuracy to a level comparable to the initial calibration in more than $$80\%$$ 80% of the cases. Conclusions Our implicit re-calibration method is a practical and convenient fix for tracking accuracy deterioration in gaze-contingent user interfaces, and in particular for gaze-contingent ultrasound machines.

Hand-eye coordination-based implicit re-calibration method for gaze tracking on ultrasound machines: a statistical approach