Three-dimensional numerical modelling on localised leakage in segmental lining of shield tunnels

A new numerical approach for modelling the localised leakage of shield tunnel lining is proposed, in which the localised leakage is simulated using a one-dimensional leakage element. The proposed method overcomes the limitations on the solid meshing of the leakage element and also reduces computational error due to the size difference between the solid leakage element and lining element. The simulated results show that groundwater leakage causes...