Temporality

Sociology

Work (physics)

Value (mathematics)

Financial economics

Futures contract

Human–computer interaction

Epistemology

Design methods

Machine learning

Engineering

Philosophy

Artificial intelligence

Economics

Programming language

Computer science

Mode (computer interface)

Management science

Futures studies

Reflection (computer programming)

Engineering ethics

Mechanical engineering

Design futuring approaches, such as speculative design, design fiction and others, seek to (re)envision futures and explore alternatives. As design futuring becomes established in HCI design research, there is an opportunity to expand and develop these approaches. To that end, by reflecting on our own research and examining related work, we contribute five modes of reflection. These modes concern formgiving, temporality, researcher positionality, real-world engagement, and knowledge production. We illustrate the value of each mode through careful analysis of selected design exemplars and provide questions to interrogate the practice of design futuring. Each reflective mode offers productive resources for design practitioners and researchers to articulate their work, generate new directions for their work, and analyze their own and others' work.

Expanding Modes of Reflection in Design Futuring