Business

Greenhouse gas

Agronomy

Biology

Biodiversity

Economics

Natural resource economics

Ecology

Elaeis guineensis

Rapeseed

Oil mill

Sustainability

Palm oil

Environmental science

Agroforestry

Nature Sustainability

The expansion of palm oil cultivation in recent decades has led to substantial increases in greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss from carbon-rich tropical forest. Because of this, there is increased focus on replacement of palm oil in industrial and consumer products. Plant oils like rapeseed and sunflower oil, exotic oils such as coconut oil and shea butter, and microbial single cell oils have been suggested as potential replacements. Here, we review each of these options from a technical, environmental and economic perspective, including the option to improve the sustainability of existing palm oil cultivation practices. Increasing concerns about the impacts of palm oil cultivation have led to a growing focus on how to replace palm oil in commercial applications. This Perspective analyses replacement options—from a technical, environmental and economic angle—and how to make current cultivation practices more sustainable.

The viability and desirability of replacing palm oil