Physics

Channel (broadcasting)

GNSS applications

Non-line-of-sight propagation

Jamming

Satellite navigation

Wireless

Gene

Multipath propagation

GNSS augmentation

Spoofing attack

Gigabit

Chemistry

Satellite system

Computer science

Global Positioning System

Computer security

Air navigation

Biochemistry

Robustness (evolution)

Telecommunications

Thermodynamics

IEEE Access

This literature review paper focuses on existing vulnerabilities associated with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). With respect to the civilian/non encrypted GNSSs, they are employed for proving positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions across a wide range of industries. Some of these include electric power grids, stock exchange systems, cellular communications, agriculture, unmanned aerial systems and intelligent transportation systems. In this survey paper, physical degradations, existing threats and solutions adopted in academia and industry are presented. In regards to GNSS threats, jamming and spoofing attacks as well as detection techniques adopted in the literature are surveyed and summarized. Also discussed are multipath propagation in GNSS and non line-of-sight (NLoS) detection techniques. The review also identifies and discusses open research areas and techniques which can be investigated for the purpose of enhancing the robustness of GNSS.

GNSS Vulnerabilities and Existing Solutions: A Review of the Literature