Prostatectomy

Engineering

Biopsy

Prostate cancer

Medical physics

Data mining

Civil engineering

Computer science

Radiology

Scoring system

Internal medicine

Artificial intelligence

Prostate

Grading (engineering)

Medicine

Deep learning

Prognostics

Cancer

Pathology

The Lancet Oncology

The Gleason score is the most important prognostic marker for prostate cancer patients but suffers from significant inter-observer variability. We developed a fully automated deep learning system to grade prostate biopsies. The system was developed using 5834 biopsies from 1243 patients. A semi-automatic labeling technique was used to circumvent the need for full manual annotation by pathologists. The developed system achieved a high agreement with the reference standard. In a separate observer experiment, the deep learning system outperformed 10 out of 15 pathologists. The system has the potential to improve prostate cancer prognostics by acting as a first or second reader.

Automated deep-learning system for Gleason grading of prostate cancer using biopsies: a diagnostic study