Quantum mechanics

Algorithm

Engineering

Reliability engineering

Support vector machine

Square (algebra)

Entropy (arrow of time)

Electromagnetic interference

Computer science

Relevance vector machine

Physics

Pattern recognition (psychology)

Mathematics

Harmony search

Electronic engineering

Artificial intelligence

Geometry

Connection (principal bundle)

Structural engineering

Redundancy (engineering)

Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing

Looseness detection of bolted connections is an essential industrial issue that can reduce the maintenance and repair costs caused by joint failures; however, current loosening detection methods mainly focus on the single-bolt connection. Even though several methods, such as the vibration-based method and electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method, have been employed to detect multi-bolt looseness, while they are easily affected by environmental issues. Therefore, the main contribution of this paper is to detect loosening of the multi-bolt connection through the PZT-enabled active sensing method, which has several merits including easy-to-implement, low cost, and good ability of anti-environment disturbance. Since the current indicator of the active sensing, namely the signal energy is insensitive to multiple damages, we developed a new damage index (DI) based on the multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy (MMFE). Subsequently, the maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) was used to select significant features from the MMFE-based DI to construct the new datasets. After feeding the new datasets into the genetic algorithm-based least square support vector machine (GA-based LSSVM), we trained a classifier to detect loosening of the multi-bolt connection. Finally, repeated experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which can guide future investigations on bolt looseness detection.

Monitoring of multi-bolt connection looseness using entropy-based active sensing and genetic algorithm-based least square support vector machine