Gene

Cell biology

Cell metabolism

Biology

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Telecommunications

Envelope (radar)

Computer science

Immunology

Genetics

Immune system

Microbiology

Tuberculosis

Escherichia coli

Medicine

Cell

Cell envelope

Radar

Pathology

Nature Reviews Microbiology

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the leading cause of death due to infection, has a dynamic and immunomodulatory cell envelope. The cell envelope structurally and functionally varies across the length of the cell and during the infection process. This variability allows the bacterium to manipulate the human immune system, tolerate antibiotic treatment and adapt to the variable host environment. Much of what we know about the mycobacterial cell envelope has been gleaned from model actinobacterial species, or model conditions such as growth in vitro, in macrophages and in the mouse. In this Review, we combine data from different experimental systems to build a model of the dynamics of the mycobacterial cell envelope across space and time. We describe the regulatory pathways that control metabolism of the cell wall and surface lipids in M. tuberculosis during growth and stasis, and speculate about how this regulation might affect antibiotic susceptibility and interactions with the immune system. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a distinctive cell envelope that contributes to its resistance against the human immune system and antibiotic therapy. In this Review, Dulberger, Rubin and Boutte discuss mycobacterial cell envelope dynamics and their relevance for infection and drug treatment.

The mycobacterial cell envelope — a moving target