Battery (electricity)

Quantum mechanics

Voltage

Engineering

Film capacitor

Electrolytic capacitor

Materials science

Power (physics)

Internal resistance

Filter capacitor

Capacitor

Physics

Nanotechnology

Characterization (materials science)

Electronics

Equivalent series resistance

Electrical engineering

Journal of Energy Storage

The Electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) or super-capacitors are becoming increasingly popular for their high specific power and for integrating that feature with batteries, which have a high specific energy. Due to the above reason, we have attempted to understand how to use super-capacitors and characterized them, so that both battery and super-capacitors can be used together, or for low power green energy applications, like various electronics gadgets, how to use only super-capacitors. In this paper, we described the known properties of a super-capacitor relative to a conventional lithium-ion battery. The structural design of the Super-capacitors and also various engineering-based applications, related to consumer electronics, transportation etc. are also described, as a review, in this paper. As we all know, that Super-capacitor's voltage would decay over time as we draw power from it, therefore maintaining the output voltage constant for any DC-DC converter without any battery is difficult. Thus, in this paper we have shown, how we have developed a DC-DC converter circuit, without any battery, which has both feed-back and feed forward control loop, in order to maintain constant output voltage. We also have developed a mathematical equation related to super-capacitor to show the requirement for having a feed-back loop can be eliminated while using super-capacitors which have very low Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR). We have also found that for some super-capacitors one cannot pump infinite current to charge a super-capacitor because the effective parallel resistance reduces as one try to pump large current and therefore charging these capacitors to a given desire voltage may not be possible. Therefore, in order to enhance the efficiency and to reduce the charging time of super-capacitor, we proposed and developed an algorithm having gamma function-based charging methodology for super-capacitor.

How and where to use super-capacitors effectively, an integration of review of past and new characterization works on super-capacitors