Physics

Business

Adaptability

Resilience (materials science)

Action (physics)

Safety assurance

Risk analysis (engineering)

Engineering

System safety

Artificial intelligence

Management

Economics

Control (management)

Process management

Reliability engineering

Computer science

Quantum mechanics

Futures studies

Thermodynamics

Reliability Engineering & System Safety

The safety management literature describes two distinct modes through which safety is achieved. These can be described as safety management through centralized control, or safety management through guided adaptability. Safety management through centralized control, labelled by Hollnagel as 'Safety-I', aims to align and control the organization and its people through the central determination of what is safe. Safety management through guided adaptability, or 'Safety-II', aims to enable the organization and its people to safely adapt to emergent situations and conditions. Safety-II has been presented as a paradigm shift in safety theory, but it has created practical difficulties for safety professional practice. In this paper, we define the two modes of safety management and explain the challenges in changing the role of a safety professional to support Safety-II. When should safety professionals re-enforce alignment, and when should they support frontline adaptations? We outline specific activities for safety professionals to adopt in their role to move towards a guided adaptability mode of safety management. This will move the safety professional further towards their fundamental responsibility – 'to create foresight about the changing shape of risk, and facilitate action, before people are harmed.'

Safety II professionals: How resilience engineering can transform safety practice