Arsenic

Amino acid

Biology

Metallurgy

Materials science

Confounding

Biochemistry

Environmental health

Receiver operating characteristic

Organic chemistry

Quartile

Population

Internal medicine

Arsenic contamination of groundwater

Confidence interval

Odds ratio

Medicine

Chemistry

Gastroenterology

Phenylalanine

Case-control study

Logistic regression

BMJ Open

Objectives We investigated the association of specific serum amino acids (AAs) with the odds of arsenic-induced skin lesions (AISL) and their ability to distinguish patients with AISL from people chronically exposed to arsenic. Design Case–control study. Setting Three arsenic-exposed villages in Wuyuan County, Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, China were evaluated. Participants Among the 450 residents aged 18–79 years, who were chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water, 56 were diagnosed as having AISL (defined as cases). Another 56 participants without AISL, matched by gender and age (±1 year) from the same population, were examined as controls. Main outcome measures and methods AA levels were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis. Potential confounding variables were identified via a standardised questionnaire and clinical examination. Multivariable conditional logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between specific AAs and AISL. Results Tryptophan and phenylalanine levels were negatively associated with AISL (p&lt;0.05). Compared with that in the first quartile, the adjusted OR of AISL in the second, third and fourth quartiles were decreased by 44%, 88% and 79% for tryptophan and 30%, 80% and 80% for phenylalanine, respectively. The combination of these two higher-level AAs showed the lowest OR for AISL (OR=0.08; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.25; p&lt;0.001). Furthermore, both AAs showed a moderate ability to distinguish patients with AISL from the control, with the area under the curve (AUC; 95% CI) as 0.67 (0.57 to 0.77) for tryptophan and 0.70 (0.60 to 0.80) for phenylalanine (p&lt;0.05). The combined pattern with AUC (95% CI) was 0.72 (0.62 to 0.81), showing a sensitivity of 76.79% and specificity of 58.93% (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions Specific AAs may be linked to AISL and play important roles in early AISL identification. Trial Registration number NCT02235948 .

The association of tryptophan and phenylalanine are associated with arsenic-induced skin lesions in a Chinese population chronically exposed to arsenic via drinking water: a case–control study