Unobtrusive arousal detection on the web using pupillary response

Arousal detection has been used as a proxy to sense frustration, cognitive load, anxiety and stress, which are relevant to user experience. The mechanisms provide limited potential for widespread use beyond the lab. We used eye-tracking to capture pupillary response and gaze behaviour during user interaction. Pupillary response is used to sense changes in arousal while gaze analysis reveals the users’ focal attention during moments of increased...